- Nighttime military parade showcases gigantic new intercontinental ballistic missile.
The hardware, likely still in varying stages of development, offered leader Kim Jong-un a chance to show the world his cutting-edge military power while adding practical capabilities to the North Korea's already formidable nuclear and conventional forces, experts said.
Kim is walking a fine line, seeking to increase pressure on the United States to ease sanctions while not destroying rapport with US President Donald Trump or Pyongyang's partners in China.
"Kim Jong-un's speech was not threatening to the United States, instead labelling North Korea's nuclear forces as self-defensive," said Bruce Klingner, a retired CIA North Korea analyst now at the Heritage Foundation.
"The clear message was that, counter to US claims, the North Korean nuclear threat has not been solved."
Video from the parade suggested a huge intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) potentially more lethal either because of multiple warheads or a bigger payload, larger missile carriers, a next-generation submarine-launched missile, and advances in conventional weaponry, military analysts said.
Multiple warheads?
The star of Saturday's show was a massive, previously unseen ICBM carried on an equally huge "transporter-erector-launcher" (TEL) vehicle with 11 axles.
Estimated to be 25 to 26 metres long and 2.5 to 2.9 metres in diameter, the unidentified missile would be the largest road-mobile ICBM in the world, military analysts said.
Given that the Hwasong-15, the largest missile ever test-flown by North Korea, can already target anywhere in the United States, the most likely practical use for the new ICBM would be the ability to carry multiple warheads, said Melissa Hanham, deputy director of the Open Nuclear Network.
It is much cheaper for North Korea to add warheads than for the United States to add interceptors, said Jeffrey Lewis, a missile researcher at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (CNS).
"If each new North Korean ICBM can carry 3-4 warheads, we would need about 12-16 interceptors for each missile," he said on Twitter. "The last time the US bought 14 interceptors, it cost $1 billion."
Other analysts said the missile could simply be designed to carry a single, larger warhead.
"A bigger warhead doesn't necessarily mean multiple warheads, a technology I believe North Korea has not secured yet," said Kim Dong-yup, a former South Korea Navy officer who is now a professor at Kyungnam University's Far East Institute in Seoul.
Missile carriers
Analysts said it was also notable that North Korea appeared to have built the huge new TELs to carry the new missiles.
"They have a very limited supply of long TELs they acquired from China," said another CNS researcher, Dave Schmerler, adding that the lack of vehicles has limited the number of ICBMs that could be deployed. "So the longer TELs we saw were indigenously produced."
But the massive size of the new missile and its carrier also has drawbacks, said Markus Schiller, a missile expert based in Europe.
"Only special roads and bridges could support this in fuelled condition," he said. "No sane person would drive this ticking bomb through the North Korean countryside."
It would likely take as much as a half a day to fuel such a large missile, making it difficult to quickly deploy in a war, meaning the missile's main purpose is likely a political warning, Schiller said.
Submarine missile
North Korea also unveiled what appeared to be a new submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM), labelled the Pukguksong-4.
"If the new SLBM is intended to be deployed, it may be intended for the new conventionally powered ballistic missile submarine that North Korea hinted at building in July 2019," analysts at 38 North, a US-based think tank, said in a report.
At least some parts of the missile's motor case appeared to be filament-wound, which would reduce the missile's structure weight and allow greater range and payload capability, the report said.
Conventional weapons
The parade featured what appeared to be new or updated weapons for North Korea's conventional military, one of the largest in the world.
The North displayed rows upon rows of multiple launch rocket systems and short-range ballistic missiles that were heavily tested over the past year.
"My biggest concern was the solid-fuel, short-range tactical missiles that North Korea had focused on developing over the past year or so," said Chun Yung-woo, a former South Korean nuclear negotiator.
The parade also displayed new mobile air-defence radar vehicles and what appeared to be an entirely new tank with anti-tank missiles and smoke grenade launchers more closely integrated into the design than previous imported models.
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